Recall that the theory of evolution was not ‘invented’ by Charles Darwin (his contribution is the theory of natural selection, a means by which evolution can occur). The idea of evolution was around long before Darwin developed his theory of natural selection is 1861. Lamark formulated an early theory of evolution, but it contained some ideas that Darwin and others would later refute. What were two mistakes contained within Lamark’s theory? (page 292)
Artificial selection influenced the ideas of Charles Darwin. He recognized that the process lead to organisms like homing pigeons and domestic dogs. What is artificial selection?
State Darwin’s three main points (from notes):
1)
2)
3)
How did the peppered moths of England provide evidence to support the theory of natural selection?
Define –
species:
gene pool:
population:
niche:
evolution:
Taxonomy is the ordering and naming of species within the biological world. Recall that Linnaeus formulated the basic taxonomy still used in biology. The classification has a series of categories to classify organisms.
Complete the categories in correct order:
Kingdom – Phylum –
Write down a memory trick to help you remember the categories in order:
List the five kingdoms of life and list a defining characteristic of each group:
This chapter includes the most basic organisms, the monerans. These organisms lack organelles and a nucleus (making them prokaryotes) and are unicellular. This group includes bacteria.
Define the following terms:
saprophyte:
parasite:
pathogen:
In this chapter we also covered viruses, even though they are not usually considered living organisms as they need a host to survive.
Describe the basic anatomy of a virus (2 main parts):
These are the early land plants. The algae (red, green and brown) need constant water supply. Why?
Algae are very important to humans, producing 50-75% of our oxygen.
Mosses and ferns are also dependent upon standing water. Why?
These plants are able to move water through some tissue but not as efficiently as other
plants.
As plants moved onto land, they were forced to develop adaptations to allow them to live away from standing water. Plants developed vascular tissue to allow them to transport water from the soil to the branches and leaves held above the soil. Reproductive structures that allowed reproduction without standing water allowed these plants to live in environments such as the prairies of South Dakota.
Define-
xylem:
phloem:
List two characteristics of monocots:
List two characteristics of dicots:
Diagram a typical flower and label the four basic parts:
We did individual reports on inverts and then began covering fish, reptiles and amphibians.
Define-
ventral:
dorsal:
anterior:
posterior:
exoskeleton:
invertebrate:
vertebrate:
The first vertebrates we studied live in the water, the fishes. Fishes are a varied group of organisms but they display the basic body plan seen in the other vertebrate groups we have studied.
List the three major groups of fishes and provide an example of each:
How many chambers does the heart of a fish have? Is this a single- or double- loop circulatory system?
The amphibians live much of their lives in water but they are able to move onto land for short periods. Most amphibians go through a dramatic metamorphosis, moving from egg to an aquatic phase (tadpole) and onto a terrestrial stage (frog). During these changes, a great deal of change occurs. They move from two-chambered hearts to three-chambered hearts and develop lungs.
What is the advantage of a double loop circulatory system?
List two adaptations seen in frogs and other amphibians that allow them to live on land:
Explain why frogs need to live near a source of standing water:
Define-
Single-loop circulation:
Double-loop circulation:
Oviparous:
Ovoviviparous:
Viviparous:
Reptiles and birds display adaptations that allow them to live their entire life cycle away from water. Reptiles have three or four chambered hearts and birds have four chambered hearts. Both groups of animals lay eggs that can survive away from water (amniotic eggs).
List two adaptations that allows reptiles to live away from water:
There will be no bird identification on the semester test.
Explain the difference between endotherm and ectotherm:
List the three types of muscle, provide a characteristic of each, and list an example of where on the body such a muscle might be found:
What connects bone to bone?
What connects muscle to bone?
Define-
Ossification:
Cartilage:
Hinge joint:
Ball and socket joint:
Pivot joint:
Draw a simple diagram of a human heart and be able to label the four chambers, the aorta, and the pulmonary veins and arteries.
Define:
artery:
vein:
coronary arteries:
red blood cells:
white blood cells:
trachea:
B-lymphocytes:
T-lymphocytes: