Review Outline for Semester 1 Test
Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules
What three particles make up an atom? Which of these determine charge? Which of these determine atomic mass? What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number? What is an ion? What are valence electrons? What is an element? What do all oxygen or carbon atoms share? What are the main elements in living organisms? What is a molecule? What is the difference between a covalent and an ionic bond? What is a polar covalent bond? What are three important properties of water related to its polarity? Explain why water displays these properties.
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Life
Recall that organic chemistry involves the basic idea that polymers (think "many") are made up of basic monomers. What is a dehydration synthesis reaction? What is a hydrolysis reaction? What are the monomers of proteins? carbohydrates? nucleic acids? Lipids? What are some key differences between saturated and unsaturated fats? Carbohydrates exist in many forms. What is the basic chemical formula for carbohydrates? What is the main carbohydrate that animals use to store energy? What do plants use to store energy? What is the structural carbohydrate plants use in cell walls? What is the function, composition and categorization (protein, carb or lipid) of each of the following: Glycogen, glucose, sucrose, phospholipid, cellulose, starch, triglyceride, enzyme and sterol.
Chapter 4: Organization of the Cell
What are the basic differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Know the function of the following cell organelles: nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria, plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoskeleton, golgi body and chloroplast.
Chapter 5: Biological Membranes
Be sure to know the terms diffusion, osmosis, hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. Cell membranes are made of phospholipids, protein channels and receptor proteins/molecules. What is the function of each? Simple diffusion vs active transport – what molecules go through a cell membrane without the expenditure of energy? What is facilitated diffusion? Exocytosis and endocytosis? What is the fluid mosaic model?
Chapter 7: Energy and Metabolism
What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? What is an enzyme and what is its function in living organisms? How do enzymes allow reactions to occur more quickly? What is activation energy? What is entropy? What is enthalpy? What is an amino acid? What are the factors influencing the four levels of protein structure? What environmental factors influence the effectiveness of an enzyme? What is ATP? What is its function within a cell?
Chapter 10: Chromosomes, Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the function/purpose of mitosis? What occurs in each of the stages of the cell cycle: Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, and Mitosis. What is a major occurrence in each of the steps of mitosis (PMAT)? What is a chromosome, sister chromitids, spindle fiber, homologous pair and centromere? What is the difference between haploid and diploid? What is a somatic vs germ cell? How are meiosis and mitosis similar? different? What a homologous pair? At what stage do they align? At what stage do they separate? What is the function/purpose of meiosis? What type of cells does the process produce? What is crossover and what is its value in living organisms? What is a tetrad? What is the process of synapsising?
Chapter 11: Basic Principles of Heredity
What is an allele? What is the law of dominance? What do the terms homozygous and heterozygous mean? Be able to do basic Mendelian genetics: Look for characteristic ratios, four-square Punnetts and 16-square Punnetts. Be able to do genetic problems with incomplete dominance and codomininance.
Chapter 12: DNA
What is a nucleotide? What makes up the backbone of DNA? What makes up the ‘stairs’? What is DNA replication? Where does it occur? Which enzymes are involved and what is their role? What is semiconservative replication? What is an Okazaki segment? What discoveries were made by Watson/Crick? Franklin/Wilkins? Chargaff?
Chapter 13: Gene Expression
What are thee differences between RNA and DNA? What are transcription and translation? Where do they occur? Describe role of RNA polymerase, helicase, tRNA, rRNA and mRNA. What is a codon? anticodon? mutation? Intron? Exon? Transcript? What is a mutation? What is a frameshift mutation? What is a substitution? Why do non-frameshift mutation often not result in changed gene expression?
Chapter 14: Gene Regulation
What is the lac operon? What is its purpose? Describe role of operator, promoter, genes, repressor protein and lactose. What is a promoter? regulatory protein? What is euchromatin and heterochromatin? What is a barr body?
Chapter 15: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
What are plasmids, restriction enzymes, DNA fingerprints? What is the role of DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase. What is PCR?
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
What is the difference between imprinting, habituation, operant conditioning and classical conditioning? What is a pheromone?
Chapter 52: Population Ecology
What is a population? community? carrying capacity? What is the significance of a J-shaped curve? S-shaped curve?
Chapter 53: Community Ecology
What is a habitat? niche? What characterizes each of the following relationships: mutualism, parasitism, commensalisms and competitive exclusion. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Chapter 54: Ecosystems and the Biosphere
What is a primary producer? consumer? What is a heterotroph? autotroph? What is biological magnification? What is the rule of 10% in regards to trophic levels? What are there not unlimited steps in the energy pyramid? What is primary productivity? Gross productivity?
Know the details of the following cycles: Nitrogen (nitrogen fixation, legume, nitrification, assimilation) Carbon (combustion, respiration, photosynthesis, carbon fixation)
What is the difference between population, community and ecosystem?